The increasing amount of polypropylene (PP) plastik waste and the growing demand for natural aggregates in road construction have encouraged the use of sustainable alternative materials. This study investigated the effect of polypropylene waste as a partial replacement for fine aggregate on the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) of Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course (AC-WC) mixtures and determined the optimum PP content. Laboratory experiments were conducted using the dry process with PP contents of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%.......

Keywords: AC-WC, waste plastik, polypropylene, fine aggregate replacement, indirect tensile strenght.

This study is motivated by two major issues, namely the increasing volume of plastic waste every year and the limitations of natural aggregates for road infrastructure. The main objective is to analyze the effect of Polypropylene plastic waste substitution on the Marshall performance characteristics of AC-WC mixtures. The methodology of this study is an experimental approach carried out in the laboratory, focusing on various percentages of PP plastic substitution as a substitute for fine aggregate. Marshall test is used to evaluate the main performance parameters, namely Stability, Flow, VIM (Void in Total Mix), VMA (Void in Mineral.......

Keywords: AC-WC, Polypropylene, Subtitusi Agregat Halus, Karakteristik Marshall, Kadar Aspal Optimum.

Upper-limb rehabilitation exoskeletons are evolving from trajectory-replay devices toward human-in-the-loop systems that estimate voluntary contribution and adapt assistance while maintaining physical safety. This state-of-the-art review synthesizes 61 peer-reviewed studies and two safety standards across robot architecture, surface electromyography (sEMG) acquisition and representation, continuous intention and participation estimation, multisensor fusion, compliant interaction control, safety assurance, and staged validation. The reviewed evidence indicates that high offline gesture-classification accuracy alone is insufficient for rehabilitation control........

Keywords: upper-limb rehabilitation exoskeleton; surface electromyography; multisensor fusion; voluntary participation; adaptive impedance control; assist-as-needed; safety supervision.